Below some impressions, useful information and references to energy sources and carriers such as chemical fuels, biofuels, hydrogen, fossil fuels, solar energy, nuclear, fission, (artifical) fusion, charcoal briquettes, and coal. New technologies are often combined (hybrid).

Nant de Drance, located in Switzerland, is one of the largest and most powerful pumped storage facility in Europe. With an output of 900 MW, it produces about 2.5 billion kWh of electricity per year.

The main transformer cavern of the facility, a reinforced concrete structure excavated in the rock, is 184m long, 32m wide, and 52m high. It was designed in SCIA Engineer. 

Since the first airplane took flight over 100 years ago, virtually every aircraft in the sky has flown with the help of moving parts such as propellers, turbine blades, and fans, which are powered by the combustion of fossil fuels or by battery packs that produce a persistent, whining buzz. Now MIT engineers have built and flown the first-ever plane with no moving parts. Instead of propellers or turbines, the light aircraft is powered by an “ionic wind” — a silent but mighty flow of ions that is produced aboard the plane, and that generates enough thrust to propel the plane over a sustained, steady flight. Unlike turbine-powered planes, the aircraft does not depend on fossil fuels to fly. And unlike propeller-driven drones, the new design is completely silent.

Fuel Savings of 40%+ have been recorded with the On board Hydroxy Generator! Hydrogen, as an energy source, is anticipated to become the foundation for a world-wide sustainable energy system. On-demand Hydrogen is safe to use, 100% environmentally friendly. It has many potential energy uses. The US DOT says hydrogen addition increases gas mileage using lean burn conditions, while also mitigating pollution emissions without the use of a catalytic converter. NASA says hydrogen addition in- creases flame velocity, which provides more useful pressure prior to the critical crank angle.

Hydrogen can now be combined with gasoline, diesel, propane, or natural gas, and produce astonishing results. Because of the hydrogen supplement, the regular fossil fuel mixture burns more completely, thus reducing hydrocarbon emissions, while significantly increasing horsepower and improving fuel efficiency.
The hydroxy (Hydrogen/Oxygen or Hydroxy Gas or electrolysis gas) produced acts like a catalysis to your fuel. Get higher octane combustion. Utilizing oxy-hydrogen gas to boost a fossil fuel with a complete burn of all the hydrocarbons, produces a way cleaner emission. Advanced fuel cell systems were already developed and manufactured to automatically generate, store and provide energy when and where it is needed and to provide both back-up power and power grid/renewables extension and optimization.

Electric Power System introduced the 'ElectroSelf', an enabling technology for distributed energy that self-generates its own fuel. The intelligent closed-loop system stores energy from the grid or when renewables are plentiful, and instantaneously releases energy when there is a power dip or outage.

The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) is a unique public private partnership supporting research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) activities in fuel cell and hydrogen energy technologies in Europe. Its aim is to accelerate the market introduction of these technologies, realising their potential as an instrument in achieving a carbon-clean energy system.

In 2000 five national hydrogen organisations established the European Hydrogen Association (EHA) and started a close collaboration to promote the use of hydrogen as an energy vector in Europe.

CHIC, the Clean Hydrogen In European Cities Project, is the essential next step leading to the full market commercialization of Fuel Cell Hydrogen powered (FCH) buses.

Under the motto ''Let hydrogen move you in urban transport and in building smart energy networks', the EU sustainable energy week pushed further to create a commercial hydrogen market for stationary and transport use.
Throughout Europe, from Oslo, Milan, Copenhagen, London, Antwerp and Aarau demonstrations took place.

Methanol is the simplest alcohol. With acoholische fermentation of mixtures containing pentavalent sugars methanol can arise as a byproduct. In addition to raw material in the chemical industry, methanol can also be used as an energy source, alone or admixed in fuels. Methanol is one of the substances which could be used to store chemical energy, to transport and to use to produce hydrogen for hydrogen fuel cells. Methanol is easier and safer to store and transport than hydrogen. It would in both combustion engines and can be used directly in electrical fuel cells.

Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal and petroleum (liquid petroleum or natural gas including shale gas), formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.

In common parlance, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as tar sands. These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels. Modern large-scale industrial development is based on fossil fuel use, which has largely supplanted water-driven mills, as well as the combustion of wood or peat for heat.

With global modernization in the 20th and 21st centuries, the growth in energy production from fossil fuels, especially gasoline derived from oil, is one of the causes of major regional and global conflicts and environmental issues.
A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet the increased global energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels by humans is the largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide, which is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming. The atmospheric concentration of CO₂, a greenhouse gas, is increasing, raising concerns that solar heat will be trapped and the average surface temperature of the Earth will rise in response.

Nuclear fuel is any material that is consumed to derive nuclear energy. Technically speaking this definition includes all matter because any element will under the right conditions release nuclear energy, the only materials that are commonly referred to as nuclear fuels though are those that will produce energy without being placed under extreme duress.

Fission
The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear fission reactor; nuclear fuel can refer to the material or to physical objects (for example fuel bundles composed of fuel rods) composed of the fuel material, perhaps mixed with structural, neutron moderating, or neutron reflecting materials. The most common fissile nuclear fuels are ²³⁵U and ²³⁹Pu, and the actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and ultimately disposing of these elements together make up the nuclear fuel cycle, which is important for its relevance to nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons.

In stars that undergo nuclear fusion, fuel consists of atomic nuclei that can release energy by the absorption of a proton or neutron. In most stars the fuel is provided by hydrogen, which can combine together to form helium through the proton-proton chain reaction or by the CNO cycle.

When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted, nuclear fusion can continue with progressively heavier elements, although the net energy released is lower because of the smaller difference in nuclear binding energy.

Once iron-56 or nickel-56 nuclei are produced, no further energy can be obtained by nuclear fusion as these have the highest nuclear binding energies.

At a molten salt reactor (MSR) molten, or liquid, salts serve as both the reactor’s coolant and fuel. The MCFR design specifically requires molten chloride salt, which allows for fast spectrum operation. In the fast neutron spectrum, neutrons are not slowed down (e.g. by colliding with water or graphite) and move very quickly making the fission reaction more efficient.

In MCFR cores, nuclear fission occurs and heats the fuel salts directly. The MCFR then distributes heat from the molten fuel salt through a heat exchanger to an inert salt in a second loop. Heat from the non-nuclear secondary loop is then safely used for electricity generation, process heat or thermal storage.

The first use of fuel was the combustion of wood or sticks by Homo erectus near 2 million years ago. Throughout the majority of human history fuels derived from plants or animal fat were the only ones available for human use. Charcoal, a wood derivative, has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for smelting metals. It was only supplanted by coke, derived from coal, as the forests started to became depleted around the 18th century. Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used as a fuel for barbecue cooking.

Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China. With the development of the steam engine in 1769, coal came into more common use as a power source. Coal was later used to drive ships and locomotives. By the 19th century, gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London. In the 20th century, the primary use of coal is for the generation of electricity, providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005. It can be used for energy generation by means of conversion technologies:

• Burning: thermal analysis of material with sufficient oxygen by full burning

  In a ferment: flows of waste are used to generate energy. Flows of leftoversof meat assimilating business, of agriculturals, from out foodstuffs industries, fertilizer, special cultivated harvest such as maizw and corn in an environment without oxygen. Bacterials swaps the organics during a few steps in biogaz in biogas

  Gasify: thermic analyzing with a limited quantity oxygen through which gaz is caused.

  Pyrolyse: thermic analyzing of thermic material without oxygen

• bio-oil: collective noun. Much rapeseed and sunflower seeds, also used and purified deep fat.